Tsawg, Nruab Nrab & High Voltage: txhais thiab ntau yam

Tsawg voltage (LV), nruab nrab voltage (MV), thiab high voltage (HV) yog kev lag luam cov ntsiab lus rau kev pab pawg hluav taws xob los ntawm nominal voltage. Tsis muaj ib lub rooj thoob ntiaj teb uas txhua tus siv - thaj tsam nyob ntawm tus qauv twg, lub teb chaws twg, thiab seb koj txhais li cas qhov system voltage lossis cov khoom ntsuas.

Ib txwm hais qhov nominal voltage hauv kV (piv txwv li, 11 kV, 33 kV, 132 kV) es tsis txhob cia siab rau cov ntawv tsis meej ib leeg.

 

Vim li cas cov lus txhais txawv

Cov ntsiab lus	Dab tsi hloov
Geography	IEC (International/Europe) vs ANSI/NEMA (North America)
Txuj	IEC 60038 (voltage theem) vs IEC 62271 (switchgear) vs NEMA C84.1 (system chav kawm)
Kev qhuab ntuas	Hluav taws xob hluav taws xob vs industrial cog vs lub tsev hluav taws xob (NEC)
Khoom vs system	A 415 V lub cev muaj zog yog LV; 400 kV kis tau tus mob kab yog EHV

Tus kws tshaj lij tswj hwm tuaj yeem hu 50 V "high voltage." Tus neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem khaws "siab voltage" rau 69 kV thiab siab dua. Ob leeg tuaj yeem ua tau yog nyob hauv lawv daim teb.

 

IEC Cov Lus Txhais (IEC 60038)

IEC 60038 txhais cov qauv voltage theem rau cov tshuab fais fab:

Tsawg voltage (LV)

Nominal voltage mus txog 1,000 V AC los yog mus txog 1,500 V DC

Common LV nominal voltages:

230/400V (Tebchaws Europe, peb-theem)

120/208V, 120/240V (North America)

690V (kev lag luam motors)

Siv rau: kev faib khoom zaum kawg, cov tsev lag luam, kev lag luam vaj huam sib luag, tswj lub cev muaj zog.

High voltage (HV) - IEC kev nkag siab dav dav

Voltage theem nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj ntawm tsawg voltage

IEC tsis tau txhais "qhov nruab nrab voltage" hauv 60038-tab sis MV yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam raws li kev faib tawm ntawm HV domain.

Nruab nrab voltage (MV) - Kev lag luam xyaum (IEC 62271-1)

IEC 62271 -1 (high-voltage switchgear) sau tseg:

Cov khoom siv nrog cov ntsuas hluav taws xob siab tshaj 1,000 V yog siab -voltage switchgear. Lub sij hawm nruab nrab voltage feem ntau yog siv rau kev faib khoom siab tshaj 1 kV thiab feem ntau mus txog thiab suav nrog 52 kV.

Hom MV nominal voltages:

Qhov hluav taws xob	Kev siv
3.3 kV, 6.6 kV	Muaj cov nroj tsuag, mining
11 kV, 13.8 kV, 15 kV	Kev faib tawm hauv nroog / suburban
20 kV, 22 kV, 33 kV	Primary distribution feeders
45 kV, 52 kV	Upper MV ntau, substations loj

Siv rau: thawj tis, loj industrial substations, underground cables, nplhaib ntsiab units.

Ntxiv -high voltage (EHV) thiab ultra-high voltage (UHV)

Saum MV, kev sib kis siv cov chav kawm siab dua (cov ntsiab lus txawv ntawm thaj chaw):

Chav kawm	Yam ntau yam	Daim ntawv thov
HV (kev sib kis)	66 kV - 230 kV	Kev sib kis hauv cheeb tsam
EHV	230 kV - 765 kV	Kev xa hluav taws xob ntau
UHV	Ntau tshaj lossis sib npaug rau 1,000 kV AC	Ntev -kev hloov pauv ntau qhov deb (Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, thiab lwm yam)

Common kis tau tus mob voltages: 66 kV, 110 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV, 1,000 kV.

 

North American txhais (ANSI/NEMA C84.1)

Raws li NEC Tshooj 100, NEMA C84.1 txhais cov chav kawm voltage:

Chav kawm	Nominal qhov system voltage
Tsawg Voltage (LV)	1,000 V los yog tsawg dua
Nruab nrab Voltage (MV)	Ntau tshaj 1 kV thiab tsawg dua 100 kV
High Voltage (HV)	100 kV rau 230 kV
Ntxiv -High Voltage (EHV)	Ntau tshaj 230 kV thiab tsawg dua 1,000 kV
Ultra{0}}High Voltage (UHV)	1,000 kV lossis ntau dua

Lus Cim: Nyob rau hauv C84.1, 15 kV thiab 35 kV faib yog nruab nrab voltage-tsis yog "high voltage" raws li ib tug lineman yuav hais.

 

Sab-los ntawm-sab: IEC vs ANSI

Lub sij hawm	IEC (kev coj ua zoo ib yam)	ANSI/NEMA C84.1
Tsawg voltage (LV)	Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug 1 kV AC / Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug 1.5 kV DC	Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1 kV
Nruab nrab voltage (MV)	>1 kV, feem ntau Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 35-52 kV	>1 kV thiab <100 kV
High voltage (HV)	>1 kV (cov khoom siv); kis cov ntsiab lus siab dua	100 kV - 230 kV
EHV	Ntau yam	230 kV - 1,000 kV
UHV	Ntau tshaj lossis sib npaug ntawm 800 kV - 1,000 kV +	Ntau tshaj lossis sib npaug li 1,000 kV

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Lwm yam voltage pawg koj yuav hnov

Lub sij hawm	Yam ntau yam	Standard / siv
Ntxiv -tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob (ELV)	Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug 50 V AC / Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug 120 V DC	IEC 61140 - kev nyab xeeb ntxiv- tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob (SELV)
Tsawg voltage (lub tsev)	Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1,000 V	NEC - feem ntau tshooj cais ntawm 1,000 V
Tswj voltage	24V, 48V, 110V DC	Tsis muaj hwj chim-system MV/HV - instrumentation

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Chav kawm voltage txhais li cas rau cov khoom siv thiab kev sim

Cov chav kawm hluav taws xob txiav txim siab cov cuab yeej tsim, kev tshem tawm, kev sim, thiab cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb:

Chav kawm voltage	Yam khoom siv	Ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam
LV	MCC, LV switchgear, transformers Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 1 kV	IR test 500 V-1 kV; BDV ntawm roj yeem
MV	MV switchgear, cables, transformers 11-33 kV	IR 2.5-5 kV; VLF ntawm cables; SWB 6 GIS
HV/EHV	Transmission breakers, loj fais fab transformers	5-10 kV + IR; tan delta; PD saib xyuas; tshwj xeeb hipot

Cov cuab yeej ntsuas Huazheng nthuav tawm cov chav kawm no-los ntawm LV megohmmeters thiab transformer poob testers mus rau 5 kV–15 kV IR testers, VLF hipot systems, thiab SF6 analyzers rau MV/HV substations.

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Common nominal voltages thoob ntiaj teb

Thaj tsam	LV	MV (Kev faib tawm)	HV (kev sib kis)
Teb chaws Europe / IEC	400 V	10 kV, 20 kV, 30 kV	110 kV, 220 kV, 380 kV
UK	400 V	11 kV, 33 kV	132 kV, 275 kV, 400 kV
North America	480 V, 600 V	4.16 kV, 12.47 kV, 13.8 kV, 34.5 kV	69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 500 kV
Tuam Tshoj / Asia	380 V	10 kV, 35 kV	110 kV, 220 kV, 500 kV, 1,000 kV UHV

Ib txwm paub meej tias kab - rau - kab vs kab - rau - hauv av nominal thaum sib piv cov tshuab thoob ntiaj teb.

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Cov kev cai tsim nyog rau engineers thiab buyers

Lub npe kV - hais tias "11 kV faib" es tsis yog "qhov nruab nrab voltage."

Sau tus qauv - "MV per IEC 62271-1" lossis "MV per NEMA C84.1."

Distinguishing cov khoom ntsuas los ntawm cov chav kawm system - a 33 kV- ntsuas cable ntawm 11 kV system tseem yog cov khoom siv MV.

Cov cuab yeej ntsuas kev sib tw rau cov chav kawm voltage - megger voltage, VLF qib, thiab kev ntsuas qib siab yuav tsum ua raws li cov khoom muaj nqis.

Kev cob qhia kev nyab xeeb txawv ntawm chav kawm - MV thiab HV kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj cov txuj ci sib txawv, PPE, thiab cov cai tshem tawm.